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René Goupil
René Goupil, S.J. (15 May 1608 – 29 September 1642), was a French Jesuit lay missionary, who became a lay brother of the Society of Jesus shortly before his death. He was the first of the three North American Martyrs of the Roman Catholic Church to receive the crown of martyrdom and the first canonized Catholic martyr in North America.
==Life==
Goupil was baptized in St-Martin-du-Bois, near Angers, in the ancient Province of Anjou, on 15 May 1608, the son of Hipolite and Luce Provost Goupil.〔(Quintal, Jean. "René Goupil: Patron Saint of Anesthetists", ''AANA Journal'', American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, June 1995/ Vol. 63/No. 3 )〕 He was working as a surgeon in Orléans before entering the novitiate of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in Paris on 16 March 1639. He had to leave the novitiate due to deafness.〔(René Goupil ). Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 2011-10-26.〕
Goupil volunteered to serve as a lay missionary working to assist the Jesuit Fathers. In 1640 he arrived in New France.〔 From 1640 to 1642 he served at the Saint-Joseph de Sillery Mission, near Quebec, where he was charged with caring for the sick and wounded at the hospital.〔 His work primarily involved wound dressings and bloodlettings.〔
In 1642 Goupil travelled to the Huron missions with about forty other persons, including several Huron chiefs and Jesuit Father Isaac Jogues.〔 They were captured by the Mohawk, taken to their easternmost village of Ossernenon (about 9 miles west of present-day Auriesville, New York),〔Donald A. RUMRILL, “An Interpretation and Analysis of the Seventeenth Century Mohawk Nation: Its Chronology and Movements,” ''The Bulletin and Journal of Archaelogy for New York State,'' 1985, vol. 90, pp. 1-39〕〔Dean R. SNOW, (1995) ''Mohawk Valley Archaeology: The Sites,'' University at Albany Institute for Archaeological Studies (First Edition); ''Occasional Papers Number 23,'' Matson Museum of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University (Second Edition).〕 and tortured. After teaching the native children the sign of the cross, Goupil was killed 29 September 1642 by several blows to the head with a tomahawk. Before being martyred, he had professed religious vows as a Jesuit lay brother before Fr. Jogues.〔 Many of the 24 Huron accompanying Goupil were baptized Catholic converts. Traditional enemies of the Mohawk, they were slowly tortured in accordance with Iroquois ritual before being killed.〔(Allan Greer, "Colonial Saints: Gender, Race and Hagiography in New France" ), in ''The William and Mary Quarterly'' Third Series, vol. 57, no. 2 (2000): pp. 323–348. p. 333, in JSTOR, accessed 2 March 2015〕
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